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1. Impulse Turbines
Impulse turbines convert water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy by directing jets of water at the turbine blades.
More Info: https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/hydropower-turbine-market-8224
a. Pelton Turbine
Application: High-head, low-flow sites (300–1, 800 meters head)
Structure: Consists of a wheel fitted with spoon-shaped buckets
Operation: High-velocity water jets strike the buckets, causing the wheel to spin
Common Uses: Mountainous regions, pumped storage plants
b. Turgo Turbine
Application: Medium- to high-head, moderate-flow sites
Structure: Similar to Pelton but with angled blades to allow the water jet to pass through
Advantages: Higher rotational speed and efficiency in smaller installations
Common Uses: Small- to medium-scale hydropower facilities
c. Crossflow Turbine (Banki or Ossberger)
Application: Low- to medium-head, medium-flow sites
Structure: A drum with a horizontal shaft and multiple curved blades
Operation: Water flows through the turbine transversely, striking blades twice
Common Uses: Micro-hydropower systems and rural electrification
2. Reaction Turbines
Reaction turbines generate power from both pressure and moving water. The turbine is fully submerged, and water pressure drops as it passes through.
a. Francis Turbine
Application: Medium-head and high-flow sites (10–300 meters head)
Structure: Spiral casing with adjustable guide vanes directing flow
Operation: Water enters radially and exits axially, spinning the runner
Common Uses: Large-scale hydroelectric plants and dams
b. Kaplan Turbine
Application: Low-head, high-flow sites (2–70 meters head)
Structure: Similar to a ship’s propeller with adjustable blades
Operation: Blades adjust based on water flow to maintain efficiency
Common Uses: River power plants, tidal power stations, run-of-river projects
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